
編輯田野資料 We’ve now covered all the building blocks of mapping with OpenStreetMap. In the Mapping with a Smartphone, GPS or Paper section you can see how to use mobile tools to survey an area. In this chapter we’ll return once again to JOSM and look at a couple of new concepts which we have not covered thus far. JOSM 圖層 If you’ve followed along so far, you may have noticed that we can add all sorts of different things into JOSM. We can download OSM data, add Bing satellite imagery, load GPS tracks and waypoints, and add Field Papers - all of which are displayed in the map window of JOSM. You may have also noticed that every time you add something new to JOSM, an additional item is added to the Layers panel on the right side of JOSM. Depending on what you have opened, your Layers panel may look something like this: Each item in this list represents a different source of data that you have open in your map window. In this example, “Data Layer 1” is the OpenStreetMap data that we are editng. “Field Papers” is the layer created when we added our Field Paper into JOSM. 如果你增加了 Bing 衛星影像，圖層面板上會有另一個「Bing Sat」的圖層。 The idea of layers can often be hard to understand. A good way to imagine it is that each layer is like a semi-transparent piece of paper, and they are all stacked on top of one another. Each piece of paper has a certain type of information on it, and they can be rearranged any way you like. Layers that are used as references, such as satellite imagery, GPS tracks, and Field Papers are often called “base layers.” The OSM data layer is the layer that you actually work with. To move a layer, click on it in the Layers panel and click on the up or down arrow to move it. To hide a layer, select it with your mouse and click the Show/Hide button: You should see the layer that you selected disappear in the map window. Click Show/Hide again, and it will reappear. You can remove a layer by selecting it and using the delete button: Lastly, it’s important to know that you can only edit the layer that is considered active by JOSM. If you are unable to edit the map in your map window, it’s probably because you don’t have the correct layer set as active. Most layers, such as GPS points, Field Papers, and satellite imagery, can’t be edited. The only layers that can be edited are data from OpenStreetMap, which are usually called “Data Layer 1”. To make a layer active, select it in the Layers panel, and click on the Activate button: 使用 GPS 資料和 Field Papers In the Mapping with a Smartphone, GPS or Paper chapters we saw how to collect data with a GPS and Field Papers, and how to load it into JOSM as a layer. Once you have surveyed with one of these tools, you still need to add the information into OpenStreetMap digitally. You do this with the same process you learned previously - download, edit, save. The difference is that instead of using only satellite imagery as a base layer, you can also use your GPS data, Field Papers, notes, or a combination of them all. For example, let’s assume you have your GPS waypoints as a background layer in JOSM, you saved a waypoint on your GPS with the name 030, and you wrote in your notebook that 030 is a school. To add this point into OpenStreetMap, you will select the draw tool, and double-click on top of point 030 in your map window. This will create a point. Then go to the Presets menu, and find the preset for school. Enter the name of the school and click “Apply Preset”. Do the same to add lines and shapes. 標籤 When you draw a point, line, or shape, it has a location, but no information about what it is. In other words, we know where it is, but not what it is. Before now, we have been using items from the Presets menu to define what it is. The way OpenStreetMap knows what an object is is by using tags. A tag is like a label that you can put on something. For example, if we draw a square, it’s only a square. But then we add attributes to it that describe what it is: this square is a building; the name of the building is “Menara Thamrin”; the building is 16 levels high. You can add as many tags as you want to an object. Tags are saved as pairs of text, called keys and the values. In OpenStreetMap, the tags written above would in fact be: building = yes name = 優盛大廈 building:levels = 16 If you select an object in JOSM, you can see all the tags that are attached to it in the Properties panel on the right. 編輯標籤 You can add, edit, and delete tags from the Properties panel. However, the tags are traditionally in English and can sometimes be confusing, so it is often easier to use the Presets menu. When you add or change tags, the attributes of the object are changed. 要編輯物件的標籤，先選中它。 Then edit the tags in one of two ways: (1) Use the Presets menu, or (2) edit the tags directly in the Properties window on the right. 常見錯誤：誤將本來用在線或面的標籤打在節點上 When you are editing the attributes of a point, you will first select the point and then add tags either through the Presets menu or directly in the Properties panel. A common mistake is when adding attributes to a line or a shape. When selecting the object, it is important that you 自己選中的應該是線，而不是構成線的點。 This frequently occurs because editors use the JOSM select tool to draw a box around an object, which causes everything, both the line and the nodes to be selected, and when you add tags they are applied to the nodes as well. Be sure to only select lines when you want to add tags to them. 儲存 OSM 檔案 When you are editing in JOSM, it is always a good idea to download, edit, and upload changes in a reasonably short period of time. You do not want to download data one day, and then wait until a few days later to upload your edits. What if someone else edits the same area during that time? This will cause errors and conflicts. Don’t be afraid to upload your edits frequently. This ensures that your changes will be saved to the database and you will not lose your hard work. If you are working in a single area, it’s a good idea to download the map data every time you want to edit, in case another user has made changes. Although you should always try to download OSM data when you are ready to edit, and upload your changes frequently, there may be cases in which you want to save the OSM data on your computer. For example, if you have intermittent connectivity to the internet, you may wish to download data, save it, edit, and then upload your changes later on. To save an OSM file, make sure that it is the active layer in the the Layers panel. Click “File” on the top menu, and click “Save”. Choose a location for the file and give it a name. You can also save by clicking this button: You can now close JOSM and your data will be saved. When you want to open the file again, simply open JOSM, go to the “File” menu, and click “Open…” 總結 In this chapter we looked a little bit closer at the JOSM interface and learned about layers and tags. You should now have a solid footing in how to map and how to edit OpenStreetMap. 回到頁面頂端這個章節有用嗎？讓我們了解以便我們改進這個指南！

編輯田野資料

We’ve now covered all the building blocks of mapping with OpenStreetMap. In the Mapping with a Smartphone, GPS or Paper section you can see how to use mobile tools to survey an area.

In this chapter we’ll return once again to JOSM and look at a couple of new concepts which we have not covered thus far.

JOSM 圖層

If you’ve followed along so far, you may have noticed that we can add all sorts of different things into JOSM. We can download OSM data, add Bing satellite imagery, load GPS tracks and waypoints, and add Field Papers - all of which are displayed in the map window of JOSM.

You may have also noticed that every time you add something new to JOSM, an additional item is added to the Layers panel on the right side of JOSM. Depending on what you have opened, your Layers panel may look something like this:

Layers panel

Each item in this list represents a different source of data that you have open in your map window. In this example, “Data Layer 1” is the OpenStreetMap data that we are editng. “Field Papers” is the layer created when we added our Field Paper into JOSM.

如果你增加了 Bing 衛星影像，圖層面板上會有另一個「Bing Sat」的圖層。

The idea of layers can often be hard to understand. A good way to imagine it is that each layer is like a semi-transparent piece of paper, and they are all stacked on top of one another. Each piece of paper has a certain type of information on it, and they can be rearranged any way you like.

Layers that are used as references, such as satellite imagery, GPS tracks, and Field Papers are often called “base layers.” The OSM data layer is the layer that you actually work with.

To move a layer, click on it in the Layers panel and click on the up or down arrow to move it.

Layers up down

To hide a layer, select it with your mouse and click the Show/Hide button:

Layers show hide

You should see the layer that you selected disappear in the map window. Click Show/Hide again, and it will reappear.
You can remove a layer by selecting it and using the delete button:

Layers delete

Lastly, it’s important to know that you can only edit the layer that is considered active by JOSM. If you are unable to edit the map in your map window, it’s probably because you don’t have the correct layer set as active. Most layers, such as GPS points, Field Papers, and satellite imagery, can’t be edited. The only layers that can be edited are data from OpenStreetMap, which are usually called “Data Layer 1”.
To make a layer active, select it in the Layers panel, and click on the Activate button:

Layers activate

使用 GPS 資料和 Field Papers

In the Mapping with a Smartphone, GPS or Paper chapters we saw how to collect data with a GPS and Field Papers, and how to load it into JOSM as a layer.

Once you have surveyed with one of these tools, you still need to add the information into OpenStreetMap digitally.

You do this with the same process you learned previously - download, edit, save. The difference is that instead of using only satellite imagery as a base layer, you can also use your GPS data, Field Papers, notes, or a combination of them all.

For example, let’s assume you have your GPS waypoints as a background layer in JOSM, you saved a waypoint on your GPS with the name 030, and you wrote in your notebook that 030 is a school. To add this point into OpenStreetMap, you will select the draw tool, and double-click on top of point 030 in your map window. This will create a point. Then go to the Presets menu, and find the preset for school. Enter the name of the school and click “Apply Preset”. Do the same to add lines and shapes.

GPS in JOSM

When you draw a point, line, or shape, it has a location, but no information about what it is. In other words, we know where it is, but not what it is. Before now, we have been using items from the Presets menu to define what it is. The way OpenStreetMap knows what an object is is by using tags.

A tag is like a label that you can put on something. For example, if we draw a square, it’s only a square. But then we add attributes to it that describe what it is: this square is a building; the name of the building is “Menara Thamrin”; the building is 16 levels high.

You can add as many tags as you want to an object. Tags are saved as pairs of text, called keys and the values. In OpenStreetMap, the tags written above would in fact be:

building = yes
name = 優盛大廈
building:levels = 16

If you select an object in JOSM, you can see all the tags that are attached to it in the Properties panel on the right.

Properties panel

編輯標籤

You can add, edit, and delete tags from the Properties panel. However, the tags are traditionally in English and can sometimes be confusing, so it is often easier to use the Presets menu. When you add or change tags, the attributes of the object are changed.

要編輯物件的標籤，先選中它。
Then edit the tags in one of two ways: (1) Use the Presets menu, or (2) edit the tags directly in the Properties window on the right.

常見錯誤：誤將本來用在線或面的標籤打在節點上

When you are editing the attributes of a point, you will first select the point and then add tags either through the Presets menu or directly in the Properties panel. A common mistake is when adding attributes to a line or a shape. When selecting the object, it is important that you 自己選中的應該是線，而不是構成線的點。

This frequently occurs because editors use the JOSM select tool to draw a box around an object, which causes everything, both the line and the nodes to be selected, and when you add tags they are applied to the nodes as well. Be sure to only select lines when you want to add tags to them.

Nodes mistake

儲存 OSM 檔案

When you are editing in JOSM, it is always a good idea to download, edit, and upload changes in a reasonably short period of time. You do not want to download data one day, and then wait until a few days later to upload your edits. What if someone else edits the same area during that time? This will cause errors and conflicts.

Don’t be afraid to upload your edits frequently. This ensures that your changes will be saved to the database and you will not lose your hard work.

If you are working in a single area, it’s a good idea to download the map data every time you want to edit, in case another user has made changes.

Although you should always try to download OSM data when you are ready to edit, and upload your changes frequently, there may be cases in which you want to save the OSM data on your computer. For example, if you have intermittent connectivity to the internet, you may wish to download data, save it, edit, and then upload your changes later on.

To save an OSM file, make sure that it is the active layer in the the Layers panel. Click “File” on the top menu, and click “Save”. Choose a location for the file and give it a name. You can also save by clicking this button:

You can now close JOSM and your data will be saved. When you want to open the file again, simply open JOSM, go to the “File” menu, and click “Open…”

總結

In this chapter we looked a little bit closer at the JOSM interface and learned about layers and tags. You should now have a solid footing in how to map and how to edit OpenStreetMap.

回到頁面頂端

這個章節有用嗎？讓我們了解以便我們改進這個指南！